Water Contains a Polar Covalent Bond which leads to an uneven sharing of electrons. Which creates the oxygen atom to become slightly electronegative while the two hydrogens become slightly electro positive. Which causes an attraction between a positive hydrogen and a negative oxygen of two water molecules a bond is formed known as a hydrogen bond
water is known to be the universal solvent and only substances dissolved in water can enter cells. It can also carry away dissolved waste. Ions can be dissolved in water. Water also regulates temperature in living organisms tries to maintain constant temperature. Water also acts as a lubricant in joints with high surface tension
A molecule that is acidic has more H+ for example H CL which is on the pH scale of 0-7. While when a molecule that has more OH- is basic and reads 7-14 on the pH scale. Buffers are compounds that help maintain pH levels by either releasing or accepting H+ ions. Buffers are important to keep a cell cytoplasm and also maintain the blood at a neutral level around 7.4
Biological Molecules
Organic molecules contain Carbon and dehydration synthesis creates monomer to link to make polymers, then water (H2O) is created. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, which large polymers breakdown back into monomers and water is used
Proteins have 4 different structures. Proteins contain many amino acids which are different from the rest. Carbohydrates are sugars and are formed of hydrogen, carbon and hydroxide and dimers can be linked through an Ester linkage. Lipids are fatty acids, phospholipids, triglyceride and steroids. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon with hydrogen attached ending in an acid group. Phospholipids have trails that are hydrophobic and heads that are hydrophilic. Nucleic acids contain complimentary base pairing where A-T, G-C and DNA forms a double helix.
The empirical formula or simplest form of any carbohydrate is CH2O. It appears as a carbon water. This formula tells us carbohydrates are made out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Monosaccharides are a single sugar molecule or simple sugar ex: glucose and triose. Building blocks for more complex molecules. Disaccharides are monomers linked through an Ester linkage, provides short term energy storage. Poly saccharides are many sugars formed together
Starch is a fairly straight chain of glucose.
Glycogen is a highly branched strain of glucose.
Cellulose is an undigestable fairly straight chain of glucose where the glucose linkage alternates.
Carbohydrates are a major source of energy and are a component of many more complex molecules.
Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbons where carbons are saturated with hydrogens. Unsaturated fats have double bonds between carbons.
Neutral Fats act as energy storage and are found in the thighs and torso. Steroids are sometimes chemical messengers found in every cell of your body and form many hormones. Phospholipids form an important part of cell membrane and are found in all cells.
Primary structure is straight a line of amino acids, a secondary structure has a spiral or helix shape, tertiary structures are an alpha helix shape folded into an irregular shape, and a quaternary is made up of two or more polypeptides.
The major functions of proteins are structure in cartilage, bone, muscle cells, etc., Enzyme, Immunity against foreign invaders, Hormones, and transport.
ATP has three phosphate groups. During hydrolysis, a special enzyme will remove a phosphate molecule from ATP. This releases energy that the cell can use in order to carry out its processes.
Cell Structure
Cell Membrane -Bilipid layer of phospholipids and cholesterol. Regulates what goes in and out of a cell and protects the cell.
Ribosomes -protein synthesizers. They create amino acid chains with the instruction of the mRNA
Vesicle -used for transportation. Liquid filled membrane bound sack.
Lysosome -digest worn out organelles and cell debris; play a role in cell death. Contain digestive enzymes
Nucleus -controls all cell activites and contains the cells chromosomes and genetic information.
Chromosomes -Double stranded DNA molecules in nucleus. Genetic blueprint in bases. Cell division, RNA transcription.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum -acts as a storage organelle and is important in the creation and storage of steroids
Mitochondria -provides atp through cellular respiration
Golgi Apparatus -stacks of flattened vesicles. Packages proteins for export from the cell, the "post office" of the cell
Vacuole -used for storage
Nuclear envelope - Double membrane, protects nuclear contents, allows communication with cell via RNA.
Nucleolus -assembles ribosomes, site of genes for RNA synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum -assist in the synthesis and packaging of proteins, studded with ribosomes
The Cell structures work together to create proteins through protein synthesis and all cell structure play a part: template>copier>attachment>creation of protein> storage
In blog post previously
DNA
DNA takes the shape of a double helix through neucleotides with attach sugar, phosphates and bases in chains. The bases are complementary base pairing where they alternate and hydrogen bonds form between the base pair to connect them.
Step 1 DNA unzips H bonds break enzymes. Step2 complimentary base pairing on to template. Step 3 joining of adjacent nucleotide through bonds between sugars and phosphates
Recombinant DNA is calculated manipulation of DNA. These cells can synthesize proteins encoded into newly introduced genes
What are the uses for recombinant DNA? Gene Regulation to develop products such as human hormones.Genetic Engineering to synthesize insulin from bacterial cells. Also, to create disease resistant plants for food
DNA is a double helix wher A=T, C=G while RNA is a single strang where U replaces T. They both contain complementary base pairing. DNA creates a template and RNA copies it and takes it to the ribosomes.
